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  • 1
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    FPGA-Based Optical Cavity Phase Stabilization for Coherent Pulse Stacking (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Coherent pulse stacking (CPS) is a new time-domain coherent addition technique that stacks several optical pulses into a single output pulse, enabling high pulse energy from fiber lasers. We develop a robust, scalable, and distributed digital control system with firmware and software integration for algorithms, to support the CPS application. We model CPS as a digital filter in the Z domain and implement a pulse-pattern-based cavity phase detection algorithm on an field-programmable gate array (FPGA). A two-stage (2+1 cavities) 15-pulse stacking system achieves an 11.0 peak-power enhancement factor. Each optical cavity is fed back at 1.5kHz, and stabilized at an individually-prescribed round-trip phase with 0.7deg and 2.1deg rms phase errors for Stages 1 and 2, respectively. Optical cavity phase control with nanometer accuracy ensures 1.2% intensity stability of the stacked pulse over 12 h. The FPGA-based feedback control system can be scaled to large numbers of optical cavities.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9197
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1713
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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  • 2
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    Optimization Study of a Novel Few-Layer Graphene/Silicon Quantum Dots/Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cell Through Opto-Electrical Modeling (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Few-layer graphene/silicon quantum dots/silicon (FLG/SiQDs/Si) heterojunction solar cells consisting of a layer of SiQDs sandwiched between FLG and p- or n-type Si is examined by a device physics model incorporated with the optical characteristics of FLG and SiQDs. FLG/SiQDs/Si solar cells enhance short-circuit current density, because charge carriers can tunnel through the energy states in SiQDs. In addition, the quantum size effects result in a shift in the conduction and valence subband position of SiQDs, which leads to a wide band gap and consequently the improvement of open-circuit voltage for FLG/SiQDs/Si solar cells. In addition, further improvement in the performance of FLG/SiQDs/Si solar cells can be obtained by tuning the size of SiQDs and FLG properties.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9197
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1713
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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  • 3
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    Expanding Continuous Tuning Range of a CW Single-Frequency Laser by Combining an Intracavity Etalon With a Nonlinear Loss (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Combining intracavity etalon (IE) locked on a laser oscillating mode with a deliberately introduced nonlinear loss, the tuning range of a continuous-wave (CW) single-frequency laser is significantly expanded to transcend the traditional limitation of a free spectral range (FSR) of IE. Due to the action of the nonlinear loss, the frequency of laser oscillating mode can be continuously and smoothly tuned without any mode-hopping in a tuning range much larger than FSR of IE. We theoretically analyze the physical mechanism behind the influence of nonlinear loss on the tuning range expansibility of the laser and experimentally demonstrated the effectiveness of the presented method. By means of this method, the ultrawide continuous frequency scanning range of 222.4 GHz at 532 nm is implemented. The theoretical analysis and the experimental results are in good agreement.
    Print ISSN: 1077-260X
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-4542
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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  • 4
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    Real-Time Electro-Optical Tunable Hyperlens Under Subwavelength Scale (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Hyperlens consisted by period plasmonic metamaterials is an interesting technology for the optical imaging of arbitrary objects beyond the diffraction limit in the far field, which has great potential applications in nanophotonics. However, the functionality of previously presented hyperlens is limited to image two-dimensional (2-D) objects and work at a certain wavelength due to the dispersion of metal, dramatically impose restrictions on its practical application. In this paper, we proposed and theoretically demonstrated a multiwavelength tunable hyperlens, with the ability of 3-D imaging by focal plane tuning achieved by electro-optical modulation. The simulation results indicate that full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of minimum imaging spot can be reduced down to the level of less than half-wavelength of the incident in a wide wavelength range real-timely, down to the level of ∼200 nm using visible light illumination. In addition, the focal position of the hyperlens can also be tuned in large spatial scope, which greatly facilitates the application of the hyperlens in optical signal acquisition and processing.
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-0655
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 5
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    Optically Pumped Hybrid Plasmonic-Photonic Waveguide Modulator Using the VO2 Metal-Insulator Phase Transition (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: The need for ever faster and more efficient computation and communication devices has spurred interest in the field of all-optical modulators. Here a small-size hybrid plasmonic-photonic all-optical waveguide modulator utilizing a subwavelength Au/VO 2 nanostructure is proposed as a high-modulation optically actuatable modulator. Using finite-difference-time-domain simulations, a nanoscale (320 nm × 300 nm cross-section) optimized modulator is designed. The modulator design has an extinction ratio as high as 26.85 dB/μm, and a length of only 550 nm.
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-0655
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 6
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    A Multichannel Phase Tunable Microwave Photonic Mixer With High Conversion Gain and Elimination of Dispersion-Induced Power Fading (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: A microwave photonic system that can realize frequency up- and down-conversion, multichannel phase shift, high conversion gain, and elimination of dispersion-induced power fading is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The scheme is based on an integrated dual-polarization quadrature phase shift keying modulator that contains two dual parallel Mach–Zehnder modulators (X-DPMZM and Y-DPMZM). The X-DPMZM implements dual side band carrier suppression (DSB-CS) modulation of radio frequency signal, and the Y-DPMZM implements frequency shift of an optical carrier. They are combined in orthogonal polarizations to implement frequency up- and down-conversion. The polarization multiplexed signal will go through polarization controllers and polarizers to implement multichannel phase shift. In the experiment, the phase shift can be tuned independently over 360° in each channel. By suppressing the optical carrier, the conversion gain and LO isolation are improved by 20.5 dB and 51.26 dB, respectively, compared with conventional dual side band modulation scheme. In addition, the proposed scheme can achieve a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 103.6 dB·Hz 2/3 .
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-0655
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 7
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    The Netherlands' carbon dilemma: sequester or recycle? [News] (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: As soon as the new Dutch government took office in October, it announced an aggressive target—to reduce carbon emissions by 49 percent by 2030. This will ultimately require the Netherlands to sequester 20 million metric tons of carbon dioxide per year-equivalent to the annual emissions produced by 4.5 coal-fired power plants. Sequestering that much CO 2 underground will be difficult, whether it's captured directly from the flues of power stations and steel mills or extracted from the air. Currently, the Netherlands sequesters less than 10,000 metric tons of CO 2 annually.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9340
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 8
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    Italy launches new IoT network [News] (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Telecom Italia, Italy's largest telecommunications provider, is putting the finishing touches on a new wireless network for the Internet of Things that should be available nationwide by the end of January. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a catchall term for many kinds of connected devices-such as sensors, speakers, and cameras-found in cities, factories, and homes. These devices often don't need as much bandwidth as smartphones, but connecting them through existing LTE networks is expensive.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9340
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 9
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    Cargo industry tests seaplane drones [News] (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Two years after World War II, billionaire Howard Hughes personally piloted his "Spruce Goose" troop transport aircraft on the first and only flight of the largest seaplane ever built. It lasted barely a minute. Now, more than 70 years later, a U.S. startup is testing a new seaplane concept—one that could evolve into huge cargo drones that fly 109 metric tons of freight across the Pacific, touch down autonomously over water, and unload at ports around the world.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9340
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 10
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    4 strange new ways to compute [News] (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: With Moore's Law slowing down, engineers have been taking a hard look at what will keep computing going when the law is no more. Certainly, artificial intelligence will play a role. So might quantum computing. But there are stranger things in the computing universe, and some of them got an airing at the IEEE International Conference on Rebooting Computing, in November. There were cool variations on classics such as reversible computing and neuromorphic chips. Less-familiar concepts got their time in the sun, too, such as photonics chips that accelerate artificial intelligence, nanomechanical comb-shaped logic, and a "hyperdimensional" speech recognition system. What follows includes a taste of both the strange and the potentially powerful.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9340
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 11
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    Mechanical maestro [The big picture] (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: The word robotic usually brings to mind movements that are halting and inelegant. But during a charity concert for the gala of the first International Robotics Festival in September, a humanoid robot named YuMi demonstrated astounding dexterity, subtlety, and nuance. The automaton directed the Lucca Philharmonic Orchestra, impressing musicians and singers- including Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, who sang a program of compositions by Verdi. The robot maestro got its conducting chops in two stages: During rehearsals, cameras captured the movements of Maestro Andrea Colombini, the orchestra's human director; as YuMi imitated Colombini's performance, its motions were recorded. The interaction between the robot's elbows, forearms, and wrists were then fine-tuned using specialized software.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9340
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 12
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    The garage fab [Resources] (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Electronics enthusiasts like being able to make things themselves. In IEEE Spectrum's Hands On column, we've detailed how readers can make their own solder reflow ovens, conductive ink, and synthetic aperture radars. But making DIY integrated circuits seemed impossibly out of reach. After all, building a modern fab is astronomically expensive: For example, in 2017 Intel announced it was investing US $7 billion to complete a facility for making chips with 7-nanometer- scale features. But Sam Zeloof was not deterred. This 17-year-old high school student has started making chips in his garage,albeit with technology that's a few steps back along the curve of Moore's Law. Zeloof says he has been working on his garage fab, located in his home near Flemington, N.J., for about a year. He began thinking about how to make chips as his "way of trying to learn what's going on inside semiconductors and transistors. I started reading old books and old patents because the newer books explain processes that require very expensive equipment."
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9340
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 13
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    The ezPixel lights it up [Resources] (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: I've been an EE and digital logic designer for over 30 years. For the past 25 years I've been using FPGAs almost exclusively for designs I create for a variety of professional applications. For the uninitiated, FPGAs are field-programmable gate arrays, which essentially means they are reconfigurable hardware chips. My work is enjoyable and satisfying, but recently I’ve wanted to explore fun projects that are quite different from the day job. I also wanted to bring my FPGA skills to the maker movement: FPGAs are rarely used there, largely because working with them is considered difficult compared with the relative simplicity of an Arduino.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9340
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 14
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    Should We Upgrade [Resources Q&A] (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Neurotechnology is one of the hottest areas of engineering, and the technological achievements sound miraculous: Paralyzed people have controlled robotic limbs with their brains, while blind people are receiving implants that send signals to their visual centers. Researchers are figuring out how to make better devices to record neural signals or change the way the brain functions. While much of this work is intended to help people with disabilities or illnesses, there's growing interest in augmenting the abilities of all. Senior Associate Editor Eliza Strickland talked to Anders Sandberg, a researcher at the University of Oxford’s Future of Humanity Institute about the ethical implications, and how neurotech could reshape society.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9340
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 15
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    The art of release notes [Resources at work] (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Over the years, programmers have developed all sorts of conventions to wrangle the infinitely malleable nature of software. There are rules for how new versions should be numbered; how variables and functions should be named; the use of README files; and so on. Such measures provide consistency, especially for people grappling with software written by others, which can otherwise be a maddeningly obfuscated black box.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9340
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 16
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    January 1958: European economic community (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Sixty years ago, on 1 January 1958, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the Federal Republic of Germany jointly formed the European Economic Community (EEC) with the goal of economic integration and free trade within a customs union. Although the immediate goals were explicitly economic, the aspirations were always far higher: In the first two sentences of the founding document, the Treaty of Rome, the member states declared their determination "to lay the foundations of an ever-closer union among the peoples of Europe" and "to ensure the economic and social progress of their countries by common action to eliminate the barriers which divide Europe." Sixty years ago, these goals seemed to be quite unrealistic: Europe was divided not only by national prejudices and economic inequalities but, most fundamentally, by the Iron Curtain, which ran from the Baltic to the Black Sea, with Moscow controlling the nations to the east of it.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9340
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 17
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    China promises the moon (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Last July, when a Chinese Long March 5 rocket lifted off from the country’s newest spaceport, the Wenchang Space Launch Center on the island of Hainan, the vehicle's official mission was to place an experimental communications satellite into orbit. The launch, though, had a secondary purpose: It was to be a final test before the Long March 5, China's newest and largest rocket, was entrusted with the country's most ambitious science mission ever.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 18
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    The mind of neural networks (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: I was telling someone how intelligent my dog was. He shrugged dismissively and said, "Dogs are just really good pattern detectors." Afterward, I looked at my dog a little differently. "Are you intelligent, or just a pattern detector?" I asked her. She just wagged her tail and said nothing, and I suppose that's open to interpretation. She swims in a sea of data from vision, sounds, and smells. From this data, she forms a model of the world- a dog's world, and one that is unknowable to us, and yet seems to have commonalities with our own. She knows the objects and inhabitants of her world and the patterns of everyday experience and she is keenly aware of any anomalies. I once heard a speaker on intellectual property say that "your dog knows where your property ends." I’m not sure that my dog does, but if so, it would be an example of deriving an abstract rule from patterns of behavioral data.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9340
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 19
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    Top Tech 2018 (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: A century ago, engineers working on New York's Long Island flew the first controlled heavier-than-air drone aircraft. Given the year-1918-it's not surprising that the craft was designed for warfare. People are now of course doing more interesting things with drones, including ferrying medical supplies in East Africa. Those lifesaving robotic fliers are one of two dozen tech breakthroughs that IEEE Spectrum's editors have uncovered for our annual January roundup. Elsewhere in the issue, you'll read about robotic cars poised to enter commercial service, robotic spacecraft that will be landing on the moon’s far side, and even robotic sewing machines, which at an Arkansas factory will soon be producing one T-shirt every 22 seconds—for 33 U.S. cents. In this time of technological ferment, you can count on us to show you the emerging possibilities.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9340
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 20
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    Medical delivery drones take flight in east africa (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: While Amazon and United Parcel Service pour considerable resources into finding ways of using drones to deliver such things as shoes and dog treats, Zipline has been saving lives in Rwanda since October 2016 with drones that deliver blood. Zipline's autonomous fixedwing drones now form an integral part of Rwanda's medical-supply
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9340
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 21
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    San Diego's streetlights get smart (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: None of the people walking around San Diego's East Village neighborhood one recent afternoon were looking up at the streetlights (except me). And if they had, they likely wouldn't have noticed that some of these lights were a little thicker around the middle than others, or that some lanterns topping old-style lampposts had a clear glass panel here and there. But unbeknownst to the people below, those streetlights were looking- and listening-all around them, while also monitoring temperature, humidity, and other characteristics of the air.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9340
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 22
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    5G goes for the gold (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Welcome to the 5G Olympics, where Nathan Chen, the 18-year-old figure-skating phenom, has just landed another quadruple jump. Can't see him well from your seat in the nosebleed section? No problem. Just slip on your 5G virtual reality headset for a 360-degree rink-side view! Now watch your step-we're boarding the 5G bus to the next attraction. Check out the windows: They're in fact transparent display screens providing ultrahigh-definition video—streamed live—from a hockey player's headcam, from drones flying above the ski slopes, and from the cockpit of a bobsled barreling down an icy track at 100...0...0 kilometers per hour!
    Print ISSN: 0018-9235
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9340
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 23
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    Undersea data monster (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: When a new undersea communications cable becomes operational late this year, it will break the record for a key metric: data rate times distance. In a single second, its six fiber-optic pairs, stretching roughly 13,000 kilometers (8,000 miles) between Hong Kong and Los Angeles, will be able to send some 144 terabits in both directions. That's as much data as you’d find in several hundred Blu-ray discs. The cable's main purpose is to connect Facebook and Google data centers in East Asia with those in the United States.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 24
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    Mind games (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: "Wake up, this is not a test," intones a voice as the virtual reality game Awakening begins. Your game character is a child trapped in a nefarious government lab, and as you scan the room you see a variety of objects lying on the floor, each flashing with light. You focus your mental attention on a block, and it rises up and rotates in the air before you. Then you focus on a mirror on the wall, and the block hurtles toward it and smashes the glass, revealing a scrawled sequence of numbers beneath. You notice a keypad by the door with numbers that are also subtly flashing. Using only your Jedi powers, you focus on certain digits in the correct sequence to open the door.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 25
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    An oil state's nuclear power gambit (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: The National, an Abu Dhabi–based English‑language daily newspaper, recently likened the domes erected at the United Arab Emirates' first nuclear reactor complex to "an industrialised version of a mosque." The US $30 billion Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant, located on the coast some 300 kilometers west of Abu Dhabi, is a source of national pride as well as a strategic investment in energy diversification and climate action. At least one of the plant's four reactors is slated to start up this year. When fully completed, the plant, jointly owned by Emirates Nuclear Energy Corp. (ENEC) and Korea Electric Power Corp. (KEPCO), will produce more than 5 gigawatts of low-carbon power in a region best known for filling megatankers with oil and liquefied natural gas.
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  • 26
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    EUV lithography finally ready for fabs (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: "A fab is like an iceberg," someone tells me. I can't tell who because we're all covered head to toe in clean-room garb. A tour of GlobalFoundries' Fab 8 in Malta, N.Y., certainly reinforces that analogy: We've just come up from the "sub-fab," the 10 meters of vertical space under the floor, where pipes and wires snake down from each semiconductor-manufacturing tool above to a set of automated chemical handlers, water analyzers, power conditioners, and-in the case of the unit I've come to see-kilowatt-class lasers.
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  • 27
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    The curious incident of the robocar in the night-time (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Actual self-driving cars-with no one behind the wheel-will enter commercial service in 2018. You may now exhale. Yes, it's true, but here's the caveat: The service will be severely circumscribed. At most, we’ll see robocars serving as taxis in certain well-mapped suburbs. At least, we’ll see passenger-free robocars that reposition themselves by night so that commuters can have access to them come morning. But that's still what experts call Level 4 autonomy. Here’s the hierarchy: At Level 5, a car can do it all. At Level 4, the car does it all only in certain areas, under certain conditions. At Level 3, drivers must be prepared to take control after a 10-second warning. At Level 2, they must pay attention all the time. Level 1 helps with the braking. Level 0 has power windows.
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  • 28
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    U.S. supercomputing strikes back (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: In November of 2012, the semiannual Top500 rankings of the world's supercomputers gave top billing to a machine constructed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, in Tennessee. Aptly named Titan, the machine boasted a peak performance of more than 27 x 1015 floating-point operations per second, or 27 petaflops. It was an immense computing resource for researchers in government, industry, and academe, and being at the top of the supercomputing heap, it helped to boost pride within the U.S. high‑performance computing community.
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    Your next t-shirt will be made by a robot (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Sometime later this year, dozens of robots will spring into action at a new factory in Little Rock, Ark. The plant will not make cars or electronics, nor anything else that robots are already producing these days. Instead it will make T-shirts-lots of T-shirts. When fully operational, these sewing robots will churn them out at a dizzying rate of one every 22 seconds. For decades, the automation of the sewing of garments has vexed roboticists. Conventional robots excel at manipulating rigid objects but are rather inept at handling soft,flexible materials like fabric. Early attempts to automate sewing included treating pieces of cloth with starch to temporarily make them stiff, allowing a robot to manipulate them as if they were steel sheets. This and other approaches, however, never became commercially viable, mainly because the clothing industry has resisted automation by relying on cheap labor in developing countries.
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    Spy vs. dragonfly (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: After scrapping the idea of a mechanical bumblebee, engineers at the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency prototyped a remote-controlled dragonfly. It was the 1970s, the Cold War was still in full swing, and the CIA needed a way to maneuver a miniaturized listening device into place without raising suspicions. Dubbed the Insectothopter, the bug-carrying bug had an impressive range of 200 meters and a flight time of 60 seconds. Unfortunately, even the gentlest breeze blew the 1-gram vehicle off course, so the Insectothopter never flew an actual spy mission.
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    This AI hunts poachers (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Every year, poachers kill about 27,000 African elephants-an astounding 8 percent of the population. If current trends continue, these magnificent animals could be gone within a decade. The solution, of course, is to stop poachers before they strike, but how to do that has long confounded authorities. In protected areas like wildlife preserves, elephants and other endangered animals may roam far and wide, while rangers can patrol only a small area at any time. "It's a two-part problem," explains Milind Tambe, a computer scientist at the University of Southern California, in Los Angeles. "Can you predict where poaching will happen? And can you [target] your patrols so that they're unpredictable, so that the poachers don't know the rangers are coming?"
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    Table of contents (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Print ISSN: 0278-0062
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    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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  • 33
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    IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging publication information (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
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    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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  • 34
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    Skeletal Shape Correspondence Through Entropy (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: We present a novel approach for improving the shape statistics of medical image objects by generating correspondence of skeletal points. Each object’s interior is modeled by an s-rep, i.e., by a sampled, folded, two-sided skeletal sheet with spoke vectors proceeding from the skeletal sheet to the boundary. The skeleton is divided into three parts: the up side, the down side, and the fold curve. The spokes on each part are treated separately and, using spoke interpolation, are shifted along that skeleton in each training sample so as to tighten the probability distribution on those spokes’ geometric properties while sampling the object interior regularly. As with the surface/boundary-based correspondence method of Cates et al. , entropy is used to measure both the probability distribution tightness and the sampling regularity, here of the spokes’ geometric properties. Evaluation on synthetic and real world lateral ventricle and hippocampus data sets demonstrate improvement in the performance of statistics using the resulting probability distributions. This improvement is greater than that achieved by an entropy-based correspondence method on the boundary points.
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    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Distortion Correction in Fetal EPI Using Non-Rigid Registration With a Laplacian Constraint (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Geometric distortion induced by the main B0 field disrupts the consistency of fetal echo planar imaging (EPI) data, on which diffusion and functional magnetic resonance imaging is based. In this paper, we present a novel data-driven method for simultaneous motion and distortion correction of fetal EPI. A motion-corrected and reconstructed T2 weighted single shot fast spin echo (ssFSE) volume is used as a model of undistorted fetal brain anatomy. Our algorithm interleaves two registration steps: estimation of fetal motion parameters by aligning EPI slices to the model; and deformable registration of EPI slices to slices simulated from the undistorted model to estimate the distortion field. The deformable registration is regularized by a physically inspired Laplacian constraint, to model distortion induced by a source-free background B0 field. Our experiments show that distortion correction significantly improves consistency of reconstructed EPI volumes with ssFSE volumes. In addition, the estimated distortion fields are consistent with fields calculated from acquired field maps, and the Laplacian constraint is essential for estimation of plausible distortion fields. The EPI volumes reconstructed from different scans of the same subject were more consistent when the proposed method was used in comparison with EPI volumes reconstructed from data distortion corrected using a separately acquired B0 field map.
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    Tumor Cell Load and Heterogeneity Estimation From Diffusion-Weighted MRI Calibrated With Histological Data: an Example From Lung Cancer (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) is a key non-invasive imaging technique for cancer diagnosis and tumor treatment assessment, reflecting Brownian movement of water molecules in tissues. Since densely packed cells restrict molecule mobility, tumor tissues produce usually higher signal (a.k.a. less attenuated signal) on isotropic maps compared with normal tissues. However, no general quantitative relation between DWI data and the cell density has been established. In order to link low-resolution clinical cross-sectional data with high-resolution histological information, we developed an image processing and analysis chain, which was used to study the correlation between the diffusion coefficient (D value) estimated from DWI and tumor cellularity from serial histological slides of a resected non-small cell lung cancer tumor. Color deconvolution followed by cell nuclei segmentation was performed on digitized histological images to determine local and cell-type specific 2d (two-dimensional) densities. From these, the 3d cell density was inferred by a model-based sampling technique, which is necessary for the calculation of local and global 3d tumor cell count. Next, DWI sequence information was overlaid with high-resolution CT data and the resected histology using prominent anatomical hallmarks for co-registration of histology tissue blocks and non-invasive imaging modalities’ data. The integration of cell numbers information and DWI data derived from different tumor areas revealed a clear negative correlation between cell density and D value. Importantly, spatial tumor cell density can be calculated based on DWI data. In summary, our results demonstrate that tumor cell count and heterogeneity can be predicted from DWI data, which may open new opportunities for personalized diagnosis and therapy optimization.
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    Multi-Instance Multi-Label Learning for Multi-Class Classification of Whole Slide Breast Histopathology Images (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: Digital pathology has entered a new era with the availability of whole slide scanners that create the high-resolution images of full biopsy slides. Consequently, the uncertainty regarding the correspondence between the image areas and the diagnostic labels assigned by pathologists at the slide level, and the need for identifying regions that belong to multiple classes with different clinical significances have emerged as two new challenges. However, generalizability of the state-of-the-art algorithms, whose accuracies were reported on carefully selected regions of interest (ROIs) for the binary benign versus cancer classification, to these multi-class learning and localization problems is currently unknown. This paper presents our potential solutions to these challenges by exploiting the viewing records of pathologists and their slide-level annotations in weakly supervised learning scenarios. First, we extract candidate ROIs from the logs of pathologists’ image screenings based on different behaviors, such as zooming, panning, and fixation. Then, we model each slide with a bag of instances represented by the candidate ROIs and a set of class labels extracted from the pathology forms. Finally, we use four different multi-instance multi-label learning algorithms for both slide-level and ROI-level predictions of diagnostic categories in whole slide breast histopathology images. Slide-level evaluation using 5-class and 14-class settings showed average precision values up to 81% and 69%, respectively, under different weakly labeled learning scenarios. ROI-level predictions showed that the classifier could successfully perform multi-class localization and classification within whole slide images that were selected to include the full range of challenging diagnostic categories.
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    Transmission Filters Utilizing Cavity Resonances in Bandgap-Engineered Monomaterials (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: A monomaterial-based resonator structure is proposed here, which can replace the multilayer-based narrowband transmission filter. This new concept of introducing the effect of multilayered structures of different materials into a single material is based on etching out repeatable structures of two different dimensions on the same material. As the etched-out repeatable structures are of different dimensions, it is possible to obtain periodic layers of two different-effective refractive indices. This type of monomaterial-based optical filters avoids the challenges generally faced while fabricating multilayer structures of different heterogeneous materials having different refractive indices. The dependence of the filter action on the number of bilayers of two different-effective refractive-index materials formed by etching and on the cavity region thicknesses is studied. Although the study is done mainly on lithium niobate on insulator, but it is seen that similar effects occur for materials of varying refractive indices.
    Print ISSN: 1041-1135
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    Robust Cooperative Multicarrier Transmission Scheme for Optical Wireless Cellular Networks (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: Visible light communication (VLC) is a promising technology to achieve high data rates in heterogeneous scenarios. However, VLC strongly depends on the existence of a line-of-sight (LoS) link between transmitter and receiver to guarantee a good data rate performance, which is often a condition that is difficult to satisfy in practice. In this letter, a novel cooperative multicarrier transmission scheme is proposed, where neighboring attocells smartly cooperate to decrease the probability of blockage in the LoS link. This approach is compared to single-cell transmission schemes, obtaining notable gains in both received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio and cell data rate when blockage of the LoS link occurs toward the nearest base station.
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    SU-8 GPON Diplexer Based On H-Line Lithography by Direct Laser Writer (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: In this letter, the design, fabrication, and characterization of an SU-8 GPON diplexer based on directional couplers are presented. The polymeric devices on SiO 2 /Si lower cladding substrate were directly written by introducing H-nu 470 photoinitiator, which provides substantial improvement in mechanical and thermal stability, reliability, and low loss, allowing flexible prototyping through H-line lithography at a 405-nm wavelength. Design of the filters and waveguide processing and fabrication are described, and the experimental results of the designed diplexer are shown.
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    Fiber Splicer Convertible–Mini Preform Fabrication System (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: We downscale a lab-sized preform fabrication system to a benchtop miniature preform, hence a short-length fiber fabrication system. The system, which is a large-diameter fiber splicer convertible, is compact, low cost, fast, and flexible as compared with standard preform fabrication processes. Using the proposed system incorporating with a solution doping technique, we have successfully fabricated several ~ 1-mm-thick, 40 ± 10 mm long thulium-doped silica and germania–silica preforms. The preforms were drawn to $400~mu text{m}$ diameter, submeter length low NA thulium-doped fibers. Encouraging absorption and emission behaviors were obtained. The technique is promising and suitable for rapid specialty optical fiber prototyping.
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  • 42
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    Fabrication of Bragg Gratings in Random Air-Line Clad Microstructured Optical Fiber (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are written using an infrared (IR) femtosecond laser and a phase mask into pure silica microstructured optical fiber having a cladding region comprised of random air-lines (RAL). Scanning electron microscopy measurements of the IR irradiated RAL fiber samples shows the presence of subwavelength nanograting structures associated with thermally stable type II Bragg gratings. High temperature annealing testing shows that although the RAL FBGs have a high degree of stability even at 1000 °C, they are less stable than similar FBGs made in single mode telecom fiber (SMF-28).
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    Front Cover (2018)
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    Print ISSN: 1540-7977
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    Table of Contents (2018)
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  • 45
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    Staff Listing (2018)
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  • 46
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    Bridging the Gap: Dialogue Between Engineers & Social Scientists [From the Editor] (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 47
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    Share Your Thoughts: Send Comments to mih.psat@gmail.com [Letters to the Editor] (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
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  • 48
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    Grating Coupler Design for Reduced Back-Reflections (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: A grating coupler having asymmetric grating trenches for low back reflections is experimentally demonstrated. Conventional and asymmetric-trench grating couplers have been fabricated on a silicon nitride waveguide platform. Both grating couplers have fully etched trenches, which normally result in higher back reflections than shallow-etched trenches. For evaluating the back reflection characteristics, test structures based on a 3-dB multimode interference power splitter have been measured and the backreflection has been extracted from each grating coupler using an equivalent optical circuit. The designed grating coupler has no critical penalty (<0.2 dB) in coupling efficiency and ~5 dB lower back reflections than a conventional grating coupler design. Using ray transfer matrix modeling, further improvements to the back reflection characteristics of the asymmetric grating coupler are expected.
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    Injection Locked Triple Contact F–P LDs for Uncooled WDM Systems (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: We propose an injection locked triple contact Fabry–Pérot laser diode (TC F–P LD) for an uncooled wavelength division multiplexing systems. By controlling injection currents to three electrodes of the TC F–P LD, we are able to tune the cavity mode for an optimum injection locking without using temperature control. Then, we transmitted 20-Gb/s/channel quadrature phase shift keying signal using the LD as either an optical carrier or a local oscillator. We identified contributions of the performance degradation as: 1) intensity noise resulting from a finite common mode rejection ratio associated with a relative intensity noise and 2) decrease of the effective LO power for coherent detection. Finally, we show the uniform bit error rate performance with change of the injection wavelength by 2.8 nm. This is corresponding to 28 °C change of operating temperature.
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    PES Connections: Being Relevant to the Global Working Professional [Leader's Corner] (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    IEEE PES T&D Conference & Exposition (2018)
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    Communication Is Key: How to Discuss Energy and Environmental Issues with Consumers (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: Scientists are now more certain than ever that humans are responsible for climate change through the combustion of fossil fuels. A recent Global Energy Assessment report, compiled by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, indicates that, globally, domestic energy consumption accounts for about a quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions. A fundamental shift in energy consumption is needed, moving away from the use of fossil fuels to meet emission reduction targets.
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    What Drives Energy Consumers?: Engaging People in a Sustainable Energy Transition (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: Providing clean, safe, reliable, and affordable energy for people everywhere will require converting to an energy system in which the use of fossil fuels is minimal. A sustainable energy transition means substantial changes in technology and the engagement of the engineering community. But it will also mean changes in behavior and policies and, thus, will require the engagement of the social science community. The choices, preferences, and behaviors of individuals and households are major direct influences on energy demand, and they also shape the acceptability and effectiveness of technologies, strategies, and policies to bring about a sustainable energy transition. A successful transition to a more sustainable energy system will require a wide range of sustainable actions by diverse people across the globe.
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    Changing Household Energy Usage: The Downsides of Incentives and How to Overcome Them (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: To combat climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) calculated that greenhouse gas emissions in the energy domain should be reduced by 90%, compared to 2010 emissions, between the years 2040 and 2070. In Europe, residential households consume about a quarter of total energy used (excluding the energy that is embodied in products). To contribute to the carbon emission reduction targets set by the IPCC , households need to reduce their fossilenergy use.
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    IEEE PES Resource Center (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    A Part of the Energy "In Crowd": Changing People's Energy Behavior via Group-Based Approaches (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: One of the most critical and pressing solutions needed to address global climate change is the transition to secure, affordable, and sustainable-energy systems. This transition is usually considered a technological challenge because it involves the integration of renewable energy, a trend toward decentralizing energy generation, and more demandside participation. However, involving consumers in the transition is crucial for its success. For example, sustainable-energy transitions may require consumers to adopt sustainable-energy sources, technologies, and energy-efficiency measures as well as change their direct and indirect energy use behaviors to the limited and fluctuating supply of (renewable) energy. However, such behaviors may not always be easy for consumers to adopt, as they can entail personal sacrifice and discomfort or require them to change habits or infrastructure, which can be cognitively and financially demanding. To guarantee a sustainable future for all, it is critical that we understand what motivates consumers' energy behaviors and how we can promote consumers' motivation to engage in sustainable-energy behaviors and act beyond immediate personal interests.
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    Arc Lighting Systems: The First Electrical Distribution Systems [History] (2018)
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    Description: From about 1885 to 1915, the most common means of lighting streets was the use of arc lamps. These lamps and the systems by which they were supplied power were very technologically sophisticated. These were the first electrical distribution systems. The manufacturing companies that made the equipment for arc lighting went on to be the companies that launched the so-called electrical age.
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    IEEE PES & IAS PowerAfrica Conference (2018)
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    At the Heart of a Sustainable Energy Transition: The Public Acceptability of Energy Projects (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: Public acceptability is at the heart of changing the energy system toward a more sustainable way of energy production and use. Without public acceptability and support for changes, a sustainable energy transition is unlikely to be viable. We argue that public acceptability is often addressed too late and should be incorporated into the planning process from the start. Moreover, engineers, policy makers, and project developers tend to misjudge the complexity and causes of public resistance, trying to find the magic bullet to "solve" the lack of public acceptability. Such attempts are likely to be ineffective, or even counterproductive, if they fail to address people's key concerns surrounding energy projects. There is not a one-size-fits-all solution: public acceptability is a dynamic process that depends on the context, the specific project at stake, and the parties involved.
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    2018 IEEE PES General Meeting (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
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    2017 General Meeting: A More Secure, Resilient, & Adaptable Grid [Society News] (2018)
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    PES Meetings: For More Information, www.ieee-pes.org [Calendar] (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
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    2018 ISGT North America (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
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    Power to the People?: What It Means to the Changing Energy Landscape [In My View] (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
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    Analysis of Disparity Error for Stereo Autofocus (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: As more and more stereo cameras are installed on electronic devices, we are motivated to investigate how to leverage disparity information for autofocus. The main challenge is that stereo images captured for disparity estimation are subject to defocus blur unless the lenses of the stereo cameras are at the in-focus position. Therefore, it is important to investigate how the presence of defocus blur would affect stereo matching and, in turn, the performance of disparity estimation. In this paper, we give an analytical treatment of this fundamental issue of disparity-based autofocus by examining the relation between image sharpness and disparity error. A statistical approach that treats the disparity estimate as a random variable is developed. Our analysis provides a theoretical backbone for the empirical observation that, regardless of the initial lens position, disparity-based autofocus can bring the lens to the hill zone of the focus profile in one movement. The insight gained from the analysis is useful for the implementation of an autofocus system.
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    Skeleton-Based Human Action Recognition With Global Context-Aware Attention LSTM Networks (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: Human action recognition in 3D skeleton sequences has attracted a lot of research attention. Recently, long short-term memory (LSTM) networks have shown promising performance in this task due to their strengths in modeling the dependencies and dynamics in sequential data. As not all skeletal joints are informative for action recognition, and the irrelevant joints often bring noise which can degrade the performance, we need to pay more attention to the informative ones. However, the original LSTM network does not have explicit attention ability. In this paper, we propose a new class of LSTM network, global context-aware attention LSTM, for skeleton-based action recognition, which is capable of selectively focusing on the informative joints in each frame by using a global context memory cell. To further improve the attention capability, we also introduce a recurrent attention mechanism, with which the attention performance of our network can be enhanced progressively. Besides, a two-stream framework, which leverages coarse-grained attention and fine-grained attention, is also introduced. The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on five challenging datasets for skeleton-based action recognition.
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    Implicit Negative Sub-Categorization and Sink Diversion for Object Detection (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: In this paper, we focus on improving the proposal classification stage in the object detection task and present implicit negative sub-categorization and sink diversion to lift the performance by strengthening loss function in this stage. First, based on the observation that the “background” class is generally very diverse and thus challenging to be handled as a single indiscriminative class in existing state-of-the-art methods, we propose to divide the background category into multiple implicit sub-categories to explicitly differentiate diverse patterns within it. Second, since the ground truth class inevitably has low-value probability scores for certain images, we propose to add a “sink” class and divert the probabilities of wrong classes to this class when necessary, such that the ground truth label will still have a higher probability than other wrong classes even though it has low probability output. Additionally, we propose to use dilated convolution, which is widely used in the semantic segmentation task, for efficient and valuable context information extraction. Extensive experiments on PASCAL VOC 2007 and 2012 data sets show that our proposed methods based on faster R-CNN implementation can achieve state-of-the-art mAPs, i.e., 84.1%, 82.6%, respectively, and obtain 2.5% improvement on ILSVRC DET compared with that of ResNet.
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    No Reference Quality Assessment for Screen Content Images With Both Local and Global Feature Representation (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: In this paper, we propose a novel no reference quality assessment method by incorporating statistical luminance and texture features (NRLT) for screen content images (SCIs) with both local and global feature representation. The proposed method is designed inspired by the perceptual property of the human visual system (HVS) that the HVS is sensitive to luminance change and texture information for image perception. In the proposed method, we first calculate the luminance map through the local normalization, which is further used to extract the statistical luminance features in global scope. Second, inspired by existing studies from neuroscience that high-order derivatives can capture image texture, we adopt four filters with different directions to compute gradient maps from the luminance map. These gradient maps are then used to extract the second-order derivatives by local binary pattern. We further extract the texture feature by the histogram of high-order derivatives in global scope. Finally, support vector regression is applied to train the mapping function from quality-aware features to subjective ratings. Experimental results on the public large-scale SCI database show that the proposed NRLT can achieve better performance in predicting the visual quality of SCIs than relevant existing methods, even including some full reference visual quality assessment methods.
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    Convolutional Sparse Coding for RGB+NIR Imaging (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: Emerging sensor designs increasingly rely on novel color filter arrays (CFAs) to sample the incident spectrum in unconventional ways. In particular, capturing a near-infrared (NIR) channel along with conventional RGB color is an exciting new imaging modality. RGB+NIR sensing has broad applications in computational photography, such as low-light denoising, it has applications in computer vision, such as facial recognition and tracking, and it paves the way toward low-cost single-sensor RGB and depth imaging using structured illumination. However, cost-effective commercial CFAs suffer from severe spectral cross talk. This cross talk represents a major challenge in high-quality RGB+NIR imaging, rendering existing spatially multiplexed sensor designs impractical. In this work, we introduce a new approach to RGB+NIR image reconstruction using learned convolutional sparse priors. We demonstrate high-quality color and NIR imaging for challenging scenes, even including high-frequency structured NIR illumination. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated on a large data set of experimental captures, and simulated benchmark results which demonstrate that this work achieves unprecedented reconstruction quality.
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    Unsupervised Deep Hashing With Pseudo Labels for Scalable Image Retrieval (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: In order to achieve efficient similarity searching, hash functions are designed to encode images into low-dimensional binary codes with the constraint that similar features will have a short distance in the projected Hamming space. Recently, deep learning-based methods have become more popular, and outperform traditional non-deep methods. However, without label information, most state-of-the-art unsupervised deep hashing (DH) algorithms suffer from severe performance degradation for unsupervised scenarios. One of the main reasons is that the ad-hoc encoding process cannot properly capture the visual feature distribution. In this paper, we propose a novel unsupervised framework that has two main contributions: 1) we convert the unsupervised DH model into supervised by discovering pseudo labels; 2) the framework unifies likelihood maximization, mutual information maximization, and quantization error minimization so that the pseudo labels can maximumly preserve the distribution of visual features. Extensive experiments on three popular data sets demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method, which leads to significant performance improvement over the state-of-the-art unsupervised hashing algorithms.
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    Robust Object Co-Segmentation Using Background Prior (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: Given a set of images that contain objects from a common category, object co-segmentation aims at automatically discovering and segmenting such common objects from each image. During the past few years, object co-segmentation has received great attention in the computer vision community. However, the existing approaches are usually designed with misleading assumptions, unscalable priors, or subjective computational models, which do not have sufficient robustness for dealing with complex and unconstrained real-world image contents. This paper proposes a novel two-stage co-segmentation framework, mainly for addressing the robustness issue. In the proposed framework, we first introduce the concept of union background and use it to improve the robustness for suppressing the image backgrounds contained by the given image groups. Then, we also weaken the requirement for the strong prior knowledge by using the background prior instead. This can improve the robustness when scaling up for the unconstrained image contents. Based on the weak background prior, we propose a novel MR-SGS model, i.e., manifold ranking with the self-learned graph structure, which can infer suitable graph structures in a data-driven manner rather than building the fixed graph structure relying on the subjective design. Such capacity is critical for further improving the robustness in inferring the foreground/background probability of each image pixel. Comprehensive experiments and comparisons with other state-of-the-art approaches can demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed work.
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    NIQSV+: A No-Reference Synthesized View Quality Assessment Metric (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: Benefiting from multi-view video plus depth and depth-image-based-rendering technologies, only limited views of a real 3-D scene need to be captured, compressed, and transmitted. However, the quality assessment of synthesized views is very challenging, since some new types of distortions, which are inherently different from the texture coding errors, are inevitably produced by view synthesis and depth map compression, and the corresponding original views (reference views) are usually not available. Thus the full-reference quality metrics cannot be used for synthesized views. In this paper, we propose a novel no-reference image quality assessment method for 3-D synthesized views (called NIQSV+). This blind metric can evaluate the quality of synthesized views by measuring the typical synthesis distortions: blurry regions, black holes, and stretching, with access to neither the reference image nor the depth map. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we compare it with four full-reference 3-D (synthesized view dedicated) metrics, five full-reference 2-D metrics, and three no-reference 2-D metrics. In terms of their correlations with subjective scores, our experimental results show that the proposed no-reference metric approaches the best of the state-of-the-art full reference and no-reference 3-D metrics; and outperforms the widely used no-reference and full-reference 2-D metrics significantly. In terms of its approximation of human ranking, the proposed metric achieves the best performance in the experimental test.
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    Table of contents (2018)
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    Visual Saliency Detection Using Spatiotemporal Decomposition (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: We propose a novel technique for detection of visual saliency in dynamic video based on video decomposition. The decomposition obtains the sparse features in a particular orientation by exploiting the spatiotemporal discontinuities present in a video cube. A weighted sum of the sparse features along three orthogonal directions determines the salient regions in the video cubes. The weights computed using the frame correlation along three directions are based on the characteristic of human visual system that identifies the sparsest feature as the most salient feature in a video. Unlike the existing methods, which detect the salient region as blob, the proposed approach detects the exact boundaries of salient region with minimum false detection. The experimental results confirm that the detected salient regions of a video closely resemble the salient regions detected by actual tracking of human eyes. The algorithm is tested on different types of video contents and compared with the several state-of-the-art methods to establish the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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    IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques publication information (2018)
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    Evaluation of Hierarchical Watersheds (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: This paper aims to understand the practical features of hierarchies of morphological segmentations, namely the quasi-flat zones hierarchy and watershed hierarchies, and to evaluate their potential in the context of natural image analysis. We propose a novel evaluation framework for the hierarchies of partitions designed to capture various aspects of those representations: precision of their regions and contours, possibility to extract high quality horizontal cuts and optimal non-horizontal cuts for image segmentation, and the ease of finding a set of regions representing a semantic object. This framework is used to assess and to optimize hierarchies with respect to the possible pre- and post-processing steps. We show that, used in conjunction with a state-of-the-art contour detector, watershed hierarchies are competitive with the complex state-of-the-art methods for hierarchy construction. In particular, the proposed framework allows us to identify a watershed hierarchy based on a novel extinction value, the number of parent nodes that outperforms the other hierarchies of morphological segmentations. This coupled with the fact that watershed hierarchies satisfy clear global optimality properties and can be efficiently computed on large data, make them valuable candidates for various computer vision tasks.
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    Talbot Effect mm-Wave Resonator for an Electrostatic Accelerator Free Electron Laser (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: The gain medium of a free electron laser (FEL) is a relativistic electron beam. The challenge with oscillator FELs is to decouple the electron beam from the radiation. Here we present the results of simulations and experimental measurements of a Talbot effect resonator which effectively decouples the electron beam from the radiation without the use of bending magnets. Radiation from 95 to 110 GHz can be harvested. The free spectral range is 100 MHz, though it is possible for us to remotely adjust the length and so tune between the 100-MHz resonant frequencies. The resonator also can vary the power coupled out from the resonator, allowing optimization of the power extracted from the saturated electron gain medium.
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    Analysis on the Effect of Sensor Views in Image Reconstruction Produced by Optical Tomography System Using Charge-Coupled Device (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: Optical tomography (OPT) is a method to capture a cross-sectional image based on the data obtained by sensors, distributed around the periphery of the analyzed system. This system is based on the measurement of the final light attenuation or absorption of radiation after crossing the measured objects. The number of sensor views will affect the results of image reconstruction, where the high number of sensor views per projection will give a high image quality. This research presents an application of charge-coupled device linear sensor and laser diode in an OPT system. Experiments in detecting solid and transparent objects in crystal clear water were conducted. Two numbers of sensors views, 160 and 320 views are evaluated in this research in reconstructing the images. The image reconstruction algorithms used were filtered images of linear back projection algorithms. Analysis on comparing the simulation and experiments image results shows that, with 320 image views giving less area error than 160 views. This suggests that high image view resulted in the high resolution of image reconstruction.
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    Tunable Constant-Bandwidth Substrate-Integrated Bandstop Filters (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: A new method for designing tunable bandstop filters with constant fractional and absolute bandwidths (ABWs) is presented. The constant bandwidth is achieved through a new coupling structure, which is passive and consists only of coupling elements and transmission lines. Its theory of operation is presented, and design principles and tradeoffs are examined in detail. Several prototype filters are fabricated and measured to demonstrate the performance and versatility of this method. An octave-tunable filter with less than 12% fractional bandwidth variation is demonstrated, along with an octave-tunable filter with 12.3% variation in ABW variation, a filter with a 50% tuning range and less than 4% variation in ABW, and a four-pole octave-tunable filter with less than 4% variation in its 10-dB ABW. These results represent state-of-the-art performance when compared to other constant-bandwidth bandstop filters at frequencies higher than those compatible with lumped-element filters.
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    Design and Analysis of W-Band Injection-Locked Frequency Divider Using Split Transformer-Coupled Oscillator Technique (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: A W-band injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) with low-power and wide locking range is presented in this paper. The operation frequency and locking range are enhanced by using split transformer-coupled oscillator. The optimum bias and the size of the injection transistor are chosen to achieve wider locking range without increasing chip area and dc power consumption. The proposed ILFD is implemented in 90-nm CMOS and exhibits 25.4% locking range from 75.1 to 99 GHz at an input power of 0 dBm without any tuning mechanism. The core dc power consumption is 2.45 mW with a supply voltage of 0.7 V and the core chip size is $0.13 times 0.2$ mm 2 .
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    A Compact Microstrip T-Type Switch for Narrowband Applications (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: This paper presents a compact T-type switch that involves three different operational states providing high flexibility in signal routing. Two of the states are between adjacent ports, while the other is a crossover state. T-type switches are mainly used as building blocks of redundancy matrices for satellite communications systems, although mobile applications also take advantage of switching devices. The proposed structure uses p-i-n diodes located in specific points to control each state with a specific bias dc voltage, creating open and short circuits. The symmetry of the structure allows even–odd mode analysis in order to obtain the design equations. To validate the concept, a compact microstrip T-type switch is fabricated and measured. The resulting device shows a good performance in terms of transmission and isolation for each state, in agreement with the simulations. The switch exhibits a band-pass response for the crossover state, while low-pass and high-pass responses result for the other two states.
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    A Wideband SiGe BiCMOS Frequency Doubler With 6.5-dBm Peak Output Power for Millimeter-Wave Signal Sources (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: This paper presents a balanced frequency doubler with 6.5-dBm peak output power at 204 GHz in 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS technology ( $f_{T}/f_{max }=210$ /250 GHz). To convert the single-ended input signal to a differential signal for balanced operation, an on-chip transformer-based balun is employed. Detailed design procedure and compensation techniques to lower the imbalance at the output ports, based on mixed mode S parameters are proposed and verified analytically and through electromagnetic simulations. The use of optimized harmonic reflectors at the input port results in a 2-dBm increase in output power without sacrificing the bandwidth of interest. The measured conversion loss of the frequency doubler is 9 dB with 6-dBm input power at 204-GHz output. The measured peak output power is 6.5 dBm with an on-chip power amplifier stage. The 3-dB output power bandwidth is measured to be wider than 50 GHz (170–220 GHz). The total chip area of the doubler is 0.09 mm 2 and the dc power consumption is 90 mW from a 1.8-V supply, which corresponds to a 5% collector efficiency.
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    Front Cover (2018)
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    Print ISSN: 2168-6831
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Geosciences , Computer Science
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    Table of Contents (2018)
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    IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine (2018)
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    Staff List (2018)
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    A Farewell from the Founding Editor-in-Chief [From the Editor] (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-06
    Description: Presents the farewell message from the founding Editor-in-Chief.
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    CISS 2018 (2018)
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